Septal Defects
Select a finding to see differential diagnosis and key measurements
Pediatric Echo Quick Reference
Z-Score Interpretation
- < -2: Reduced/Small
- -2 to +2: Normal
- > +2: Enlarged/Dilated
- < -3 or > +3: Severely abnormal
Qp/Qs Shunt Thresholds
- < 1.5:1 — Small shunt, observe
- 1.5–2:1 — Moderate, consider repair
- ≥ 2:1 — Large, surgical candidate
- Eisenmenger: Qp/Qs reverses
Neonatal Critical CHD
- HLHS: Restrict ASD if <3 mm
- d-TGA: PGE1 to maintain PDA
- PA/IVS: Assess sinusoids
- CoA: Femoral pulse differential